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Cápitulo 14 and 15--Haber

Cápitulo 14 

In English, we have the verb to have.  This verb is used as an action word, a linking verb/auxiliary verb used with the past participle.  For example:

As an action verb-           I have a book.
As a linking/aux verb-   I have eaten.

In Spanish,  we have the verb tener, which means to have as an action verb.  However, the verb haber is used as the auxiliary verb and is equivalent to the English to have. to have (aux) in English.  For example:

As an action-           Yo tengo un libro.

As a linking/aux verb-   Yo he comido.
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In summary,  to have as an action word is tener and is haber in the auxiliary form.

The Present Indicative of Haber Used with the Past Participle

Yo he nosotros hemos

Tú has -----

Él/ Ellos
ella/ ha Ellas han
Usted Ustedes

As previously stated, haber is used with the past participle of any given verb.  The past participle is quite irregular in English, but not so in Spanish.  Some English examples would include: slept, been, walked, done, eaten, drunk, made, sat and so on.  Many examples of the Past Participle on English end in d, t, and en.  While others have vowel changes or merely stay the same.

The Past participles found in Spanish are far more regular.  Of, course there are some exceptions, but not nearly as many.  We will focus on those later.

Right now, lets focus on the regular forms since they cover roughly 90% of the verbs you will use (in the past participle).

The pattern goes as follows:

✷Keep the stem and drop the infinitive ending.
✷Add ado for ar verbs and ido for er/ir .

AR ER/IR
ado ido

Hablar→ hablado
Comer→ comido
Salir→ salido

Use these with haber.

He hablado.  (I have spoken)
Ella ha comido.  (She has eaten)
Nosotros hemos salido. (We have left.)

See page 386 for more examples
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The Past Perfect Tense

Yo había nosotros habíamos

Tú habías        ---------------

Él   Ellos
Ella había Ellas habían
Usted Ustedes

✵ Use this with the past participle.❋

For example:

Había hablado.  (I had spoken)
Ellos habían comido.  (She had eaten)
Nosotros habíamos salido. (We had left.)

See examples on page 388.

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